Diwali (English:Deepavali or Divali;related to Jain Diwali,Bandi Chhor Divas,Tihar,Swanti, Sohrai and Bandna)is a festival of lights and one of the major festivals celebrated by Hindus,Jains,Sikhs and some Buddhists,notably Newar Buddhists.
The festival usually lasts five days and is celebrated during the Hindu lunisolar month Kartika(mid-October - mid November).
One of the most popular festivals of Hinduism, Diwali symbolizes the spiritual"victory of light over darkness,good over evil,and knowledge over ignorance".
The festival is widely associated with Lakshmi, goddess of prosperity,with many other regional traditions connecting the holiday to Sita and Rama,Vishnu,Krishna,Yama,Yami,Durga,Kali,Hanuman,Ganesha,Kubera,Dhanvantari,or Vishvakarman.
Furthermore,it is,in some regions,a celebration of the day Lord Rama returned to his kingdom Ayodhya with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana after defeating Ravana in Lanka and serving 14 years of exile.
Also called
Deepavali
Observed by
Hindus,Jains,Sikhs,some Buddhists(notably Newar Buddhists)
Type
Religious,cultural,seasonal
Significance
See below
Celebrations
Diya lighting,puja,home decoration,shopping,fireworks,fasting,gifts,feast and sweets
Date
Amavasya of Kartik month
(Date varies per Hindu calendar)
2021 date
November
Dhanteras/Yama Deepam
Naraka Chaturdashi/Kali Chaudas/Hanuman Puja/Chhoti Diwali(parts of northern India)
Lakshmi Puja/Kali Puja/Sharda Puja/Kedar Gauri Vrat
Govardhan Puja/Balipratipada/Gujarati New Year
Bhai Dooj/Vishwakarma Puja
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Diwali(Jainism)Bandi Chhor Divas,Tihar,Swanti,Sohrai,Bandna
In the lead-up to Diwali,celebrants will prepare by cleaning,renovating,and decorating their homes and workplaces with diyas(oil lamps)and rangolis(colorful art circle patterns).
During Diwali,people wear their finest clothes,illuminate the interior and exterior of their homes with diyas and rangoli,perform worship ceremonies of Lakshmi,the goddess of prosperity and wealth,light fireworks,and partake in family feasts,where mithai(sweets)and gifts are shared. Diwali is also a major cultural event for the Hindu, Sikh and Jain diaspora.
The five-day long festival originated in the Indian subcontinent and is mentioned in early Sanskrit texts.
Diwali is usually celebrated twenty days after the Vijayadashami(Dussehra,Dasara,Dasain) festival,with Dhanteras,or the regional equivalent,marking the first day of the festival when celebrants prepare by cleaning their homes and making decorations on the floor,such as rangolis.
The second day is Naraka Chaturdashi.
The third day is the day of Lakshmi Puja and the darkest night of the traditional month.
In some parts of India,the day after Lakshmi Puja is marked with the Govardhan Puja and Balipratipada(Padwa).
Some Hindu communities mark the last day as Bhai Dooj or the regional equivalent,which is dedicated to the bond between sister and brother,while other Hindu and Sikh craftsmen communities mark this day as Vishwakarma Puja and observe it by performing maintenance in their work spaces and offering prayers.
Some other faiths in India also celebrate their respective festivals alongside Diwali.
The Jains observe their own Diwali which marks the final liberation of Mahavira,the Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas to mark the release of Guru Hargobind from a Mughal Empire prison,while Newar Buddhists,unlike other Buddhists,celebrate Diwali by worshipping Lakshmi,while the Hindus of Eastern India and Bangladesh generally celebrate Diwali,by worshipping goddess Kali.
The main day of the festival of Diwali(the day of Lakshmi Puja)is an official holiday in Fiji,Guyana, India,Malaysia,Mauritius,Myanmar,Nepal,Pakistan,Singapore,Sri Lanka,Suriname,and Trinidad and Tobago.
Deepavali's Sanskrit meaning"row or series of lights".
The term is derived from Sanskrit words dipa, "lamp,light,lantern,candle,that which glows,shines,illuminates or knowledge"and avali,"a row,range,continuous line,series".
The five-day celebration is observed every year in early autumn after the conclusion of the summer harvest,coincides with the new moon(amavasya)and is deemed the darkest night of the Hindu lunisolar calendar.
The festivities begin two days before amavasya,on Dhanteras,and extend two days after,on the second day of the month of Kartik.
According to Indologist Constance Jones,this night ends the lunar month of Ashwin and starts the month of Kartik – but see this note and Amanta and Purnima systems.
The darkest night is apex of the celebration and coincides with second half of October or early November in Gregorian calendar.
The festival climax is on third day and is called the main Diwali.
It is an official holiday in a dozen countries,while other festive days are regionally observed as either public or optional restricted holidays in India.
In Nepal,it is also a multiday festival,although the days and rituals are named differently,the climax being called Tihar festival by Hindus and Swanti festival by Buddhists.
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